Solution:

25%

Suppose every item is priced at $100. On 20% discount, the price will become $80. Now he must add $20 to each item for original price which is 25% of $80.

Solution:

Let us denote the number of boys as 'p' and the number of girls as 'q'.

The first statement says that each boy has equal numbers of brothers and sisters
(p - 1) = q
=> p - q = 1 ------- (a)

The second statement says that every girl has twice as many brothers as that of sisters
2 (q - 1) = p
=> 2q - p = 2 ------- (b)

By solving (a) and (b)
We get q as 3 and p as 4.

Therefore, there are 4 boys and 3 girls in the family.

Solution:

Blue could only be wearing white or red and we know that there is already someone else wearing the white shirt so Mr. Blue could only be wearing the red shirt.

Mr. White could have only been wearing a blue or a red shirt, and red is already taken, so Mr. White is wearing a blue shirt.

Mr. Red now has to be wearing a white shirt.

Solution:

The code word is TIE.

Let us assume that the word is MOD. Now if you are told one character of this word, you would not be able to identify the number of vowels in the word. For example if you are told M, then the word can be MOD or AIM but they both have different number of vowels. If you are told about O, then there are two words MOD and OAT which again have different number of vowels. If you are told about D, there are two words again MOD and DUE which have different numbers of vowels again.

In such manner, all the words that have M, O or D in them can be excluded. Then only word that remains is TIE.
If you are told about T, there are two words OAT and TIE which both have two vowels.
If you are told about I, there are two words AIM and TIE which both have two vowels.
If you are told about E, there are two words DUE and TIE which both have two vowels.

Thus TIE is the code word.

Solution:

888 + 88 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 1000

Solution:

I + IX = X

The equation read from the other side becomes X = XI + I which is false.

Solution:

Remove the same 2 matchsticks from each figure and move figure towards left 45 degrees, It forms the letters V W X Y.

Solution:

In the picture you can find the green matchsticks. We have moved them from the bottom and placed them in the middle. It was a bit tricky but now you have your desired result.

Solution:

One of the cop will move clockwise while the other will move anti-clockwise every day. In such a manner, they will catch the thief in minimum seven days.

Solution:

Think deeply about the door number 56, people will visit it for every divisor it has. So 56 has 1 & 56, 2 & 28, 4 & 14, 7 & 8. So on pass 1, the 1st person will open the door; pass 2, 2nd one will close it; pass 4, open; pass 7, close; pass 8, open; pass 14, close; pass 28, open; pass 56, close.
Thus we can say that the door will just end up back in its original state for each pair of divisor. But what about the cases in which the pair of divisor has analogous number for example door number 16? 16 has the divisors 1 & 16, 2 & 8, 4&4. But 4 is recurrent because 16 is a perfect square, so you will only visit door number 16, on pass 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16… leaving it open at the end. So only perfect square doors will remain open at the end.

Solution:

Bond was suspicious of the women as one never knocks its own door at the hotel.